The adolescence period is a critical transition period from when a child transitions into an adult, usually between the ages of 10-19 years. Adolescence is also period of profound change and is not just a time of significant physical development, but also a time of emotional and psychological maturity.

The developing brain does not fully mature until the age of approximately 25 years, but during the adolescence period, important brain development occurs especially in an area known as the pre-frontal cortex. The pre-frontal cortex is responsible for a person’s thoughts and responsive decision-making, impulse control, personality traits and cognition. For healthy brain development, many factors including a child’s environment, relationships with others, nutrition, sleep, physical activity and stress, need to be maintained.

Whilst the brain matures in the adolescence period, the area of the brain responsible for emotions, known as the limbic system, becomes highly active. During this development process, there is a period of increased sensitivity to stress, and the developing adolescent will experience heightened intense emotions and prioritize immediate rewards over long-term consequences. This means that in the process of developing their own identities and forming meaningful relationships with peers and others, adolescents can also be overcome by immense pressure and anxiety. Stress, which may be due to lack of sleep/nutrition and physical activity, poor family dynamics and parental neglect, can also significantly affect the psychological well-being of an adolescent.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety, as one of the main causes of disability amongst adolescents. With increasing numbers of adolescents with mental health issues, it is important for adolescents, parents and educators to be more aware about the symptoms and signs of mental illness.

Symptoms of mental health conditions in adolescents can include:

• Persistently feeling sad or low

• Irritability or excessive anger

• Lack or excessive sleep

• Poor or increased appetite

• Loss of interest in activities that usually brought the adolescent joy

• Excessively worried

• Excessively scared

• Avoidance behaviours

The above symptoms can be a normal part of emotional/psychological development in adolescents as well, but if excessive or interrupting their daily activities, it is important to seek help early. Intervention does not usually require medication. A first point of contact for an adolescent can be a school counsellor, a trusted teacher or a responsible adult who can direct the adolescent to further mental health services. Counselling and psychological therapy focusing on coping strategies and behavioral therapy can considerably improve symptoms and empower adolescents to make better decisions and cope with the heightened emotions during this transition period.

If not addressed early, poor mental health well-being amongst young persons can lead to an increase in risky behaviors such as the use of illicit substances, self-harm/suicidal ideas and eating disorders. It is important for parents, educators, and healthcare professionals to recognize these behavioral changes and intervene appropriately. Early identification and treatment of mental health problems can prevent the escalation of these issues and promote healthier outcomes.

If you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety or any of the symptoms described above, please reach out for counselling services:

• Alokaya Counselling Centre – 32/27, Bullers Lane, Colombo-07, +94779895252

• National Mental Health Helpline – 1926